What physical properties are explained by the electron sea model in metals?

The electron sea model is a theoretical framework that helps explain several physical properties of metals, particularly those listed in the correct response—malleability, ductility, and electrical conductivity.

In this model, metal atoms are thought to lose some of their electrons, which are delocalized and free to move throughout the structure. This "sea" of electrons is what allows metals to conduct electricity efficiently. When a voltage is applied, these electrons can flow easily, facilitating electrical conductivity.

Moreover, the mobility of the delocalized electrons also contributes to the malleability and ductility of metals. When a metal is deformed, the ability of the layers of metal atoms to slide over one another without breaking the metallic bond allows the metal to change shape rather than shatter. This makes metals capable of being hammered into sheets (malleability) or drawn into wires (ductility).

While thermal conductivity and density are significant properties of metals, they are not primarily explained by the electron sea model. Thermal conductivity arises from both electronic and phononic contributions, and density is more related to the packing and mass of the metal atoms rather than the behavior of the delocalized electrons.

Thus, the electron sea model provides a comprehensive explanation for malleability,